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The Caspian Sea, the world’s largest enclosed inland body of water, straddles Europe and Asia and is bordered by five countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan. Its unique characteristics—a mix of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from ancient seas—create a distinctive habitat for a wide array of marine life. This article delves into the

Abstract The National Ocean Biodiversity Strategy is an initiative aimed at preserving and enhancing the biodiversity of ocean ecosystems. This strategy encompasses various policies, programs, and practices designed to protect marine life and habitats, ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources. The following article details the key components, goals, and implementation plans of this strategy, highlighting

Abstract Kelp forests, dynamic underwater ecosystems, are essential to marine biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and coastal protection. However, they are under threat from climate change, overfishing, and pollution. This article reviews the ecological significance of kelp forests, the challenges they face, and the strategies necessary for their conservation. Introduction Kelp forests are underwater areas with high

Introduction Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are not just an adorable face of marine life; they play a critical role in maintaining the health and balance of coastal ecosystems, particularly kelp forests. This article explores the ecological significance of sea otters, their behaviors, and the conservation efforts necessary to protect these vital marine mammals. Ecological Importance

Underwater archaeology, the study of human interaction with the sea, lakes, and rivers through the investigation of submerged sites, vessels, and landscapes, has emerged as a crucial discipline within archaeology and the broader scientific community. This field provides invaluable insights into past human cultures, technologies, and interactions with the environment. As terrestrial sites face increasing