Sonar, an acronym for Sound Navigation and Ranging, is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate, communicate, or detect objects submerged in the sea. The principle behind sonar involves emitting sound pulses and detecting their return after reflecting off objects, which is crucial for various applications such as submarine navigation, fishing, and […]

Sonar, an acronym for SOund Navigation And Ranging, plays a vital role in various marine activities. This paper explores the fundamental principles behind sonar technology, explaining how it utilizes sound waves to navigate, communicate, and gather information underwater. Keywords: Sonar, Sound Waves, Underwater Acoustics, Navigation, Ranging 1. IntroductionThe vast expanse of the ocean depths presents

Sonar technology plays a vital role in marine navigation, research, and defense. However, its powerful acoustic emissions can disrupt the vital communication and echolocation abilities of marine mammals, leading to a phenomenon known as the sonar exclusion zone (SEZ). This area around the sonar source effectively excludes marine mammals due to the negative impacts of

Sound propagation in the ocean is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors. In certain conditions, a layer of water with a sound speed gradient can bend sound waves, creating a region where sound is not directly transmitted—the sonar shadow zone. This paper explores the mathematical equation governing this phenomenon and its applications in underwater